![pica syndrome katze pica syndrome katze](https://haustiger.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/IMG_2217.jpg)
![pica syndrome katze pica syndrome katze](https://cdn.wamiz.fr/cdn-cgi/image/quality=80,width=400,height=200,fit=cover/https://cdn.wamiz.fr/article/main-picture/5d09fd35937f4233922651.jpg)
In typical uncomplicated influenza, systemic symptoms generally resolve earlier than respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat, which may persist for several days to a week after systemic symptoms abate ( Treanor, 2010). However, considerable syndromic overlap exists among these viral illnesses, particularly in the elderly thus, the phrase “influenza-like illness” (ILI) is often employed to describe clinically indistinguishable viral URTIs ( Widmer et al., 2012, Woolpert et al., 2012, Haas et al., 2013). The prominent presence of systemic symptoms is often said to differentiate influenza from other viral URTIs. Fever generally ranges from 100 ☏ to 104 ☏ (38 ☌ to 40 ☌), but may be as high as 106 ☏ (41 ☌), with peak temperatures on the first day of symptoms and decreasing over three to eight days thereafter ( Treanor, 2010). The systemic symptoms of influenza, including fever and chills, headache, myalgia, lethargy, and anorexia, develop early in the course of disease. Respiratory symptoms, such as dry cough, pharyngitis, and nasal congestion and discharge, are often similar to those observed in other viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Within one to two days of infection with an influenza A or B virus, influenza disease most commonly manifests with the sudden onset of characteristic respiratory and systemic symptoms ( Treanor, 2010). Pathogenesis of influenza viruses in humans This review will focus on the three animal models currently used most frequently in influenza virus research – mice, ferrets, and guinea pigs – and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.ġ.1. Animal models are used in influenza research not only to elucidate the viral and host factors that affect influenza disease outcomes in and spread among susceptible hosts, but also to evaluate interventions designed to prevent or reduce influenza morbidity and mortality in man. Disease severity depends upon the virulence of the influenza virus strain and the immune competence and previous influenza exposures of the patient. However, influenza can present along a broad spectrum of disease, ranging from sub-clinical or even asymptomatic infection to a severe primary viral pneumonia requiring advanced medical supportive care. In humans, infection with an influenza A or B virus manifests typically as an acute and self-limited upper respiratory tract illness characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, and malaise.